Bryley Basics: Microsoft Windows is not as vulnerable as Apple OS or Linux

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Due to their size and complexity, it is difficult to completely secure a computer operating system, which leaves them vulnerable to attack.  With the number of reported hackings, most might consider Microsoft Windows to be extremely vulnerable, but Windows actually ranked less vulnerable than Apple Mac OS X, Apple iOS, and Linux.

This ranking was made by GFI Software in 2014, which reviewed popular operating systems and the number and rating of reported vulnerabilities.  GFI reported these top-5 results:

  1. Apple Mac OS X – 147 vulnerabilities; 64 High, 64 Medium, and 16 Low
  2. Apple iOS – 127 vulnerabilities; 32 High, 72 Medium, and 23 Low
  3. Linux – 119 vulnerabilities; 24 High, 74 Medium, and 12 Low
  4. Microsoft Windows Server 2008 – 38 vulnerabilities; 26 High and 12 Medium
  5. Microsoft Windows 7 – 36 vulnerabilities; 25 High and 11 Medium

Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, however, was ranked as the most-vulnerable application followed by Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Adobe Flash Player, and Oracle’s Java.

See the article from Swati Khandelwal of The Hacker News™ “Windows?  NO, Linux and Mac OS X Most Vulnerable Operating System in 2014.

Bryley Basics: How ransomware (Crypto Locker) makes backups more critical

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Ransomware – usually Crypto Locker and its variants – is a form of cyber-malware based on encryption software that seeks payment (ransom) to undo the damage; when infected, the malware typically encrypts all data files, rendering them useless until the ransom is paid.  (Encryption software scrambles a files’ contents and creates an encryption key, essentially a code used to reverse the process.  Unless you have this key and the encryption software, the files remain unreadable.)

Hiawatha Bray of the Boston Globe recently reported a ransomware infection at the Tewksbury Police Department; after repeated attempts to decrypt, the Chief of Police paid the ransom.

Other than paying the ransom, which is risky and not recommended since it potentially makes you more of a target in the future, the only way to thwart ransomware is by restoring the corrupted files through a backup that was created before the infection.

A properly planned and implemented backup process is vital since data stored on a network server represents many hours of effort over time, making it impractical and usually impossible to recreate.  A properly functioning, multi-point-in-time backup is necessary to provide restoration under these and other scenarios:

  • A server fails
  • A file is deleted
  • A template is written over
  • An application upgrade fails and must be restored
  • A document is inadvertently changed and saved by a user

A backup should be a complete, recoverable copy of not just data, but the entire server/network environment.  It should have these properties:

  • Sequenced over many days
  • Complete image
  • Offsite storage

For information on backups, visit our Data-Backup Guidelines.

Bryley Basics: Scammer YGDNS.org

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We received a seemingly legitimate email from YGDNS.org professing to square-away the ownership use of our domains, Bryley.com and Bryley.net, in China; the email was marked “urgent” and came with a person’s name, business address, etc.

I queried Mike Carlson, our CTO, who gave this reply:  “No serious problems, but certainly a scam. If you reply you will be offered the opportunity to register the domains along with other overpriced services.

Google search of “ygdns.org.cn” finds a couple well-written articles that indicate that this ygdns group has been doing this for a while, and if you respond take the extra step of calling. The calls are of the type “This needs to be fixed today!”; hoping to get a “yes” from whomever answers the phone by stressing the perceived urgency.

Note the fact that it was sent…with “Please forward… …this is urgent” line. Any legitimate registrar conducting a legally or procedurally required inquiry would send the request directly to you, to me, or our shared network operations mailbox. These are the publicly-available addresses associated with the bryley.com and bryley.net registrations. I’ve checked my mailbox, junk mail folder, and done the same on the network operations mailbox. Nothing from this company.”

So, we did not respond to any inquiries from YGDNS.org and advise the same to all.

Recommended practices – Part-3: Password security

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This is a multi-part series on recommended practices for organizations and their end-users.  Additional parts will be included in upcoming newsletters.

October is National Cybersecurity Awareness Month, and to help you celebrate, we have compiled a list of best practices for password-strength optimization.

Passwords are the primary tool for online authentication; as such, they are targeted information for cybercriminals looking to gain access to your workstation, mobile device, and/or personal records.  Proactive measures are vital to prevent online identity theft, network infiltration, system crashes, and the spread of malware.  By following the practices described below you will fortify yourself against these malicious cyber threats.

1. Create a “strong” password:

A strong password is one that cannot be easily identified by a cybercriminal.  When creating your next password, here are the do’s and do not’s of password strength:

  • Do not draw from the obvious: When selecting a password, do not draw from obvious sources – your name, your child’s name, not even something as seemingly ambiguous as your favorite flavor of ice cream or a random word.  With social media, today’s cybercriminal can easily aggregate personal information and crack obvious passwords.  Even if you feel that your password is obscure and/or unconnected to yourself, if the password is simply a word or phrase, dictionary attacks – programs that plug in every word from a database – can still compromise you.
  • Do use a mixture of letters, numbers, and special characters: Make your password complex and you help make it secure.  Random placements of letters, numbers, and symbols will make it very difficult for cybercriminals to hack into your accounts.
  • Do not use the same password: Using the same password for every login is a recipe for disaster:  A cybercriminal now only needs to crack one password for unlimited access to all of your online accounts.
  • Do use longer passwords: When it comes to password security, the longer the better.  According to online security experts, a password 15 characters in length could take up to two trillion years to crack.  However, password length isn’t everything:  You must be sure to utilize a mixture of letters, numbers and special characters.

By creating long, complex, and unique passwords for every one of your authentication accounts, you will guarantee password strength.

2. Change your password regularly

It is very important to create strong passwords, but even strong passwords can be discovered by expert cybercriminals – especially if they are given ample time for discovery.  That is why it is essential for you to get into the practice of routine and mandatory password changes.

A perfect time to schedule updates is with the change of seasons as they divide the business year into obvious and unforgettable quarters.  And, as it is now fall, it is the perfect time to begin this excellent practice.  You can start by announcing a mandatory password change in the next few weeks and update your business calendar for three more alterations for the winter, spring, and summer.

3. Keep written reminders secure or use a Password Manager

Long, complex, constantly changed passwords are hard to remember.  You may need to write them down as a practical safeguard.  Just be sure to avoid the bad habit of keeping these written reminders close to your computer – or even worse, taped to your screen for all to see.

If you need written reminders, keep them in a secure area away from your workspace, such as at home or in the glove compartment of your car.  Better yet, consider using a Password Manager to record and manage your passwords.  (See the July 2014 Bryley Tips and Information for a review on Password Managers.)

4. Keep reset information up-to-date

There will be moments when you simply cannot remember a password and will need to request a reset.  As a precaution you should always be certain that your online accounts have your relevant email address on file so that when reset information is sent, it is sent to you and not to an abandoned account that has the potential to be exploited.  It would be best to get into the practice of checking reset information on the scheduled dates for password changes.

5. Review your organization’s password policy

Take the time during your quarterly password changes and reset information checks to review and/or update your organization’s password policy, which has the rules and procedures employees are required to adhere to in order to ensure password and network security.  If your organization does not already have such a policy, be sure to create one and distribute it to all technology-enabled employees.

6. Expunge temporary usernames and passwords

If you recently employed any temporary staff or summer help, be sure that their usernames and passwords no longer access your system.

 

Password manager

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The days of widespread, biometric-based security (voice recognition, fingerprint reading, eye scanning, etc.) are coming, but passwords are still required in many organizations and at most websites.  The problem:  How do I manage (let alone remember) all of the different usernames and passwords I have out there?

Personally, I use Tasks within Microsoft Outlook, which is secured by my network login:  Within a folder I titled “Usernames”, I create a task for each application and website and then copy-in the date and user information.  This limits my “need to remember” to only one complex password (my network login).  However, I must have access to my Outlook account to retrieve all other user information.

There are better tools called password managers.  These are software applications that “help a user organize passwords and PIN codes”1, which are held in a secure, encrypted file or database.  Many include the ability to automatically fill-in a form-based webpage with the username, password, and any other login credentials.

Most password managers can be categorized thus:

  • PC based – Application running on your PC
  • Mobile based – Application running on your tablet or smartphone
  • Token-based – Requires a separate smartcard, memory stick, or similar device to authenticate
  • Web-based – Credentials are located at a website and must be viewed and/or copied from this site
  • Cloud-based – Credentials are web-based, but are securely transferred for processing to an application running on your PC or mobile device

Most password managers are hybrids and many fit into two or more categories, but all share one trait:  You still need a master password to access your information (although some offer two-factor authentication).

Important characteristics include:

  • Access – Accessible from all devices and browsers
  • Detect – Automatically detect and save from any account
  • Secure – Advanced encryption, two-factor authentication, etc.

Pricing varies from free (for the slimmed-down, single-device versions) to annual subscriptions that range from $9.95 to $49.99 per year.

Several publications2 have reviewed password managers; the top performers:

  • LastPass 3.0 – Cloud-based and powerful yet flexible; free version available, but upgrade (at $12/year) to LastPass Premium for mobile-device support
  • DashLane 2.0 – Feature laden with an easy-to-use interface; free version, but $29.95/year to synchronize all devices and get priority support
  • RoboForm Everywhere 7.0 – Cloud-based at $9.95 for first year

Other password managers (in alphabetical order):

  • 1Password for Windows – $49.99 per user
  • F-secure Key – $15.95
  • Handy Password – Starts at $29.92
  • KeePass – Free
  • Keeper – Subscription at $9.99/year
  • My1login – Free for 1 to 3 users; $22 for 4 to 10 users
  • Password Box – Free version with subscription at $12.00/year
  • Password Genie 4.0 – Subscription at $15.00/year
  • PassPack – Free version with subscription at $12.00/year
  • PasswordWallet – $20.00

I like LastPass; the free version is easy to use and my login data is available from anywhere (with Internet access).  Plus, I like having the application locally on my PC (even though my data is stored at LastPass in encrypted format).

1. Taken from Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_manager.

2. Recent password managers reviews:

They’re back: Telephone scammers

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Yes, they have returned:  The IRS and National Grid are both warning of telephone scammers that call and demand fictional, past-due payment.

The IRS scammers1 are very specific; they call and threaten immediate arrest, loss of driver’s license, and seizure of assets.  They may leave a message requesting a callback; follow-up callers may pretend to be from the local police or the DMV.

Characteristics of these scams can include2:

  • Scammers use fake names and IRS badge numbers. They generally use common names and surnames to identify themselves.
  • Scammers may be able to recite the last four digits of a victim’s Social Security Number.
  • Scammers “spoof” or imitate the IRS toll-free number on caller ID to make it appear that it’s the IRS calling.
  • Scammers sometimes send bogus IRS emails to some victims to support their bogus calls.  (Note:  The IRS does not use email to contact taxpayers.)
  • Victims hear background noise of other calls being conducted to mimic a call site.

Best advice:

  • Do not engage the caller in a conversation
  • Do not provide personal information
  • Hang-up the phone immediately
  • Call the IRS at 800-829-1040

National Grid3 will call and request payment and will notify of potential for service interruption due to non-payment, which makes it tougher to separate a legitimate call from a scammer.  If in doubt:

  • Ask the caller to provide the last five digits of your National Grid account
  • Do not provide your account number or any other personal information
  • Contact National Grid at 800-322-3223

1. Thank you to Nancy Goedecke, EA, of Taxes and Money Management who provided the notice on the IRS scammers.

2. Taken from http://www.irs.gov/uac/Newsroom/IRS-Releases-the-“Dirty-Dozen”-Tax-Scams-for-2014;-Identity-Theft,-Phone-Scams-Lead-List.

3. Taken from National Grid’s July/August 2014 issue of WeConnect.

Maintaining your dynamic website

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Guest writers: Al Morel, Carlos Ramos, and Dan Rouse of www.CommAreUs.com

Your car, house, and most things in life, take some amount of maintenance. Add to that list your website. A website can be comprised of thousands of files working with all kinds of tools and underlying code.

The days of ‘static’ websites, i.e. built with just HTML, is essentially over for most organizations. This article will speak to the steps to take when using a Content Management System, CMS, such as WordPress.

Your essential strategy is: BackupandUpdate.

Backup

This is your ‘get out of jail free’ option. Even if your website gets totally hacked, you forget to pay your hosting bill, the data center in Utah gets hit by a meteor, you should still be able to roll back and get your website back up.

With a dynamic site, it’s a little trickier because you have the site files such as the HTML and images, graphics, etc. And then there’s the database files, which in the WordPress scenario, starts at several thousand files.

The traditional method of backing up a site involves the lengthy process of manually backing up all your site’s files, exporting your database, and finally moving everything somewhere safe. There are software additions (called ‘plugins’ in the WordPress world) that will simplify this process and even automate it for you.

We add a plugin with all of our builds that lets you quickly backup, restore, and migrate a site – often times with only a single click. Most backup plugins will offer two different types of backups: full and database. Full covers all site files and the database, the database option only includes the database. The full backup is the safest bet and is generally the recommended option, however the database only backup might be more appropriate if you’re simply experimenting with settings on a plugin, or some other activity that only involves the database.

One key feature and advantage over manual backups, is that using a backup plugin allows you to set up an automatic backup schedule. For example, we recommend our clients schedule a weekly backup of the database and a monthly full backup. Manual backups can also be performed whenever needed.

In addition, most plugins have the capability to back up the site to your hosting server and to another source as well. So you can have redundant backups to a third party service such as Amazon S3.

 

Update

It is critical to schedule regular updates of your website as well. In WordPress, there are regular updates to the core code and also plugins. Your administrative interface or ‘dashboard’ will tell you when to update.

It goes without saying that no update (WordPress or Plugin) should be done before a full backup has been made.  Your dashboard will go to great lengths to tell you to backup first, so don’t ignore them! Although we haven’t seen many updates go wrong, it can happen.

Generally, we recommend to our clients that updates be applied as soon as they are available for security and stability reasons.

Once you have your backup completed, proceed to the Updates screen in the WordPress Dashboard. From here you can update WordPress, plugins and your themes. If you have an update to WordPress and plugins waiting, perform the WordPress update first, then proceed to update your plugins.

It’s worth noting that in recent WordPress releases (security and maintenance related) are installed automatically to promote better security.

 

The problem with Heartbleed

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Heartbleed is a much-publicized security flaw in the OpenSSL cryptography library; an update to this OpenSSL flaw was published on April 7th, 2014, which was (coincidentally?) the same day that the flaw was disclosed.

OpenSSL runs on secure web servers certified by trusted authorities; it is estimated that about 17% of secure web servers may be vulnerable to an attack based on the Heartbleed flaw, which could compromise the server’s private keys and end-user passwords and cookies.

Fortunately, most organizations with secure web servers have taken steps to identify and fix this flaw.  And, to date, no known exploitations of this flaw have taken place.

Unfortunately, this flaw has been around for over two years and leaves no traces; if exploited, there would be no ready evidence that anything was wrong.

At the moment, there is not much any end-user can do except to logout of any secure web server that has not been patched.  (See http://filippo.io/Heartbleed/, a site created by Italian cryptographer Filippo Valsorda, which claims that it can identify unpatched servers.)

Http://money.cnn.com/2014/04/09/technology/security/heartbleed-bug/index.html contains an informative article and video by Jose Pagliery at CNN Money.

Living with Windows XP

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Microsoft has officially ended general support of Windows XP, but many have not updated or replaced their Windows XP PCs.  Although we recommend against continuing to use Windows XP, particularly in any Internet-facing role, there are some steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of remaining on this platform.

The easiest, but least practical solution would be to disconnect all Windows XP PCs from the Internet or to limit their access to the Internet.  This step could exclude exposure to outside sources, but reduces the effectiveness of these PCs.

The second-most effective strategy would be to replace older versions of Internet Explorer (IE) with a supported Internet browser; replacing IE with Mozilla Firefox or Google Chrome will reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of using a Windows XP PC to browse the Internet.  (Windows XP originally released with IE 6, but most Windows XP systems are now running version 7 or 8.  The current version of IE is 11.)

Updating to Mozilla’s Firefox is easy:

Please see http://www.zdnet.com/windows-xp-support-ends-survival-tips-to-stay-safe-7000028188/ for more information from Charlie Osborn of ZDNet.  Or, visit http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9246877/US_CERT_urges_XP_users_to_dump_IE?source=CTWNLE_nlt_pm_2014-03-11 for a similar message from Gregg Keizer of ComputerWorld.

Additional steps to reduce Windows XP risk include:

  • Disable the ability to add new applications to a Windows XP PC
  • Remove administrative rights of all Windows XP users
  • Disable ports and drives on Windows XP PCs

See the article from Toby Wolpe of ZDNet at http://www.zdnet.com/windows-xp-support-end-10-steps-to-cut-security-risks-7000028193/.

98% of mobile-device malware attacking Android (DROID) phones

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Worldwide, a significant portion of the population owns and uses a smartphone;  mobile users search Google over 5.9 Billion times daily while over 6 Billion hours of YouTube are watched each month on mobile devices.  (Statistics taken from a presentation by Intel Corporation at the MOBILE World Congress 2014.)

Since most smartphones are based on Google’s Android operating system, these are the primary targets of malicious attacks.  Kaspersky Labs, a prominent anti-virus software manufacturer, reports that 98% of malware targeted at mobile devices attacks Google’s Android (DROID), which confirms “both the popularity of this mobile OS and the vulnerability of its architecture”.

Suggestions for DROID (and other smartphone) owners to suppress malware:

  • Keep your mobile phone updated with the latest patches
  • Deploy an anti-malware application

Visit http://blogs.computerworld.com/mobile-security/23577/98-mobile-malware-targets-android-platform for the entire article by Darlene Storm at ComputerWorld.